Examine Dr. Faustus As a Morality Play

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.                                              

Roll No : 26
Sem : 1 ( 2013 -2015 )
Paper Name : The Renaissance Literature
Subject : Examine Dr. Faustus as a Morality Play
Submitted to :  SMT. S.B. Gardi
                        Dept. of English
                        M.K.Bhavnagar University
                        pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com









Dr. Faustus as a Morality Play..

About Christopher Marlowe :

     Christopher Marlowe was an Actor, Poet, and playwright during the reign of Britain’s queen Elizabeth. “ Dr. Faustus  “ is the most famous of Marlow’s plays, and it’s hero, who sells his soul to the devil in return for twenty-four years of power and pleasure, is by far the best known of his rebellious protagonist.

Marlowe based the plot of his play

, 

“ The History if The Damnable life and Deserved Death of doctor John Faustus (1592).

     Play is based on Christopher Marlowe’s stories about Scholar and magician. The play is a tragic comedy and only I learn that it’s widely believed that Marlowe only constructed it is beginning and conclusion. It’s said that he wrote the tragic elements, where as two other collaborates wrote the dialogue in the middle.. Really.. Christopher Marlowe is one of the greatest classical playwright.

·       

About Morality Play :

     The Morality Play were most famous in Europe during the 15^th and 16^th centuries. The Morality Play developed during the Medieval period. Morality Plays typically contain for a protagonist, who represents either huminity as a whole or smaller social structure, and other supporting characters are personifications of “Good and evil “.

     In Morality plays uses allegorical characters to teach the audience moral lessons, typical Christian nature. In Dr. Faustus play central characters are falls into evil ways. The presence of evil and virtuous adviser is also reminiscent of the Morality Plays. According to M.H.Abrams..,

“  Morality plays were dramatized allegories of a representation .”

Dr. Faustus As A Morality Play :   

     Dr. Faustus has many features of Morality Play : just like Good Angles and Bad Angles, good and evil, old woman, seven deadly sins and the appearance of Lucifer, Belzebub and Mephistophilis  to ensare his “ Glorious Soul”.

    The Conflict between Good and Evil was a recurring theme in the Medieval Morality plays, and with the help of it Marlowe gives many moral messages to audience. The good Angel and The Bad Angel-  those characters are derieved from the medieval morality plays. Dr. Faustus like allegorical figures of a Morality Play. The series of dialogues spoken by Good Angel it’s another example of Morality Play.

The good and evil Angels.. the forms stand for the path of virtue and the latter sin and damnation..

“ One for Conscience and the other for desires..”

“ Symbolizes the force of righteousness and Morality Play.”

     In Dr.Faustus seven deadly sins are also there to gives us moral lessons. If the general theme of morality plays was theological dealing  with the struggle of forces of good and evil for man’s soul, than..

“ Dr.Faustus” nay be called a religious or Morality play to a very great extent ” We find Marlowe’s hero , Faustus adjuring the “ Trinity and Christ”. He surrenders his soul to the devil out of his inordinate ambition to get gain.

“ .. a world of profit and delight of power, of honour, of Omnipotence. “

     The appearance of seven deadly sins shows that Marlowe in

Dr. Faustus adopted some of the conveutions of the old Morality Plays. The seven deadly sins – Pride, Covetousness, Wrath, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth and Lechery, all those sins are shows that Old Morality Plays are also very much here in this plays.

“ The comic scenes of Dr. Faustus also belong to the tradition of Morality Play.”

     In Dr. Faustus many comic scenes are depicted especially his pranks on the pope, the plating of a pair of horns on the head of knight and the cheating of a greedy horse-dealer. 

Though to a great extent “Dr. Faustus “ is a morality play, yet there are also some other elements which make it different from Morality Plays. The difference is that in Morality plays, all characters are abstractions not concrete., but in “Dr. Faustus” the main character Faustus, is not an abstraction but as person with desires and high ambitions.

In Morality Play, the moral is always positive and goodness always triumphs over evil, truth over lie and virtue over voice. “ Dr. Faustus” can never be treated wholly as a Morality play. It’s greatest heroic tragedy before Shakespeare.

“ Men are distinguished by the power of their wanting.”

Conclusion :

Thus.. “ Dr. Faustus” – is the mysterious play by Christopher Marlow and with the help of this play we getting many moral lessons through characters, Good and evil , seven deadly sins.. All those things are teaches us Morality.

 Thank You..!

Crusoe As a Colonizer. ( My Assignment )..

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Roll No : 26
Sem : 1 ( 2013 -2015 )
Paper Name : The Neo-classical Literature
Subject : Crusoe As a Colonizer
Submitted to : SMT. S.B. Gardi
                        Dept. of English
                        M.K.Bhavnagar University
                        pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com

About Daniel Defoe :

Daniel Defoe was born on : 13th September, 1660 in London and Died: 24th April, 1731. He was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer and spy, now most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe.



Colonization :

The term colonization refers to the process or act of establishing a colony or colonies. If someone has a power than they always tries to established their company. Colonization and colonialism both are interrelated with each other. Colonization - they established of communities of English speakers, and sometime established company by forcefully. In this novel we see the term colonialism.

Basic Information About the Novel :

Robinson Crusoe is an Englishman from town of york in the 17th century. The novel written by Daniel Defoe. Crusoe's father wants to be a middle class and good man but Crusoe , who wants nothing more than to travel around in a ship. After leaves his home he struggles a lot but he is not satisfied with his success, and than going for the sea island, and after sailing he made money by trade.but, he captured and made into slave off the cost of Africa and his friend young man, named Xury.

Life on the Island - in this part it presents colonialism. In this island Crusoe feels that he is alone in the island. He spend his time with planting corn, rice and he builds three main structure. He also raises goat and tends to his animal family of Cats, dogs, parrot. All those things shows that in this island Crusoe feels that he is the master. In final and last stage - Crusoe sees a footprint on the shore one day and he realised that he is not alone in this islad, his illusion convert into reality. 

Fortunately there he meets with Friday a native man whom he is able to rescue. Here we see sometime master and slavery system. Thus, novel ends with Crusoe's journey.

Robinson Crusoe as a Colonizer :

In colonialism- one nation controls other one, the economy and country. If we discussed about colonialism than there is always devided into two parts just like Master and Slave. Master is the one, who shows his mastership by Power, Position, Money, and all.. where slaves are just like voiceless they have no right to speak something about their own life or own rights.

Here in this Novel- Character Crusoe also display the turm Colonialism. Most cruel fact is that most of native people of a particular land are ruled by a foreign governing body.. Same thing we shows in this novel that Crusoe , a foreigner on the island and using his power by using his gun and skills of developed world. It appears that for years he longs for a companion but when he happens to rescue a native man he gets happy at his slavery..,

".. To  let me know how he would serve me

as long as he lived,

...and let him know I was very pleased with him.."

conscious and subconscious always related with our mind. This lines shows that idea of forming a colony on the island was always in the subconscious of his mind. It shows that he always tries to established colony and  his mastership on the island.

Crusoe and Friday :

Relation between Crusoe and Friday just like Father and Son but if we think about the perspective of Crusoe as a colonizer than it shows many changes. When Crusoe gets furious and behaves different to him when he feels wrong that Friday wants to be free and wants to return to his people.. First fear of Crusoe encounters at that time..

" I made no doubt.., 

he would not only forget all his religion but

all his obligation to me."

If Crusoe tries to establish  a colony on the island, his position as a master only after the slave Friday he rescue comes on to the Island.

" It is a bridge enabling Crusoe

to become a Colonizer"

Crusoe uses three tears to cultivate Friday in to a Christianity, which reflects capitalism to "Civilize" the people in the colonial regions and it also shows that when colonizers finished to establish their economy than they will be begin to pay attention to the culture. He treats Friday just like son but there is always behind selfishness. Friday gives up his former language and becomes a faithful servant to the colonizer with all his heart and soul.

On the Island :

Life on the Island- this part of the novel describe Crusoe as a colonizer, Because in this Island Crusoe lives in illusion that he is alone in the island so he becomes master of this island. He starts to built three main structure , his initial shelter, his country home on the opposite side of the Island and using his power by his gun, his skills to developed world. All those things are shows that he always tries to established individual colony.

"Crusoe finds the power to overcome a

hostile world of hunger and sickness,

and human brutality,

even the power to overcome his most,

dangerous adversary, himself.."

In this island we also shows economic colonization where Crusoe always tries to earn money through trade and all things.. and he shows his power by making money with different skills. He just founder of the Island not the Master of that Island.

Concept of Naming :

Crusoe names a man he meet..

" I made him know his name should be Friday,

which was the day saved his life,

I called him so far the memory of the time,

I like wise taught him to say master 

and ten let him know that 

was to be my name.."

So, we can see that he says to Friday that I saved your life , I am giving you a new name so it means i am superior than yours so you follow my rules and regulations. It shows Crusoe's power position as a colonizer. Name is very important of all it is identity of people.

Conclusion :

Robinson Crusoe - the novel is colonial novel and the title of this novel and entire novel based on Colonial aspects and with the help of it we know that how Crusoe tries to established his mastership and what things shows that Crusoe as a colonizer.

Thank you..!

Preface : Wordsworth.. ( My Assignment )

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Roll No : 26
Sem : 1 ( 2013 -2015 )
Paper Name : Literary Theory and Criticism
Subject :Preaface - Wordsworth
Submitted to : SMT. S.B. Gardi
                        Dept. of English
                        M.K.Bhavnagar University
                        pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com

About William Wordsworth :

     William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet and he was born : 7th April, 1770 and Died: 23ed April, 1850.  Wordsworth called his poem "Experimental". Wordsworth gives his famous definition of Poetry as..

" Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, 

emotions recollected in tranquility. "

A fourth and final edition of Lyrical  Ballads was published in 1805.

Preface : Wordsworth :

• Wordsworth's purpose to spreading poems, was to select incidents and situations from common people and their common life.
• Wordsworth's concern about the poetry and language of poetry is very developed.
• Wordsworth says that..

" The Poems in the volume are ' Experiments ' since his chief aim is too see,

if the conversational language in use among the middle,

and lower classes of society can be employed expediently,

and 

fruitfully to write Poems."

About Poet :

     A Poet, is the one who has the greatest power of Imagination. He knows human nature and soul more than others. Poet has strong power and a ability to giving something more naturally and delightful things to audience. Especially Poet has the greatest power to expressing his ideas and thoughts in proper way and than express all things in proper way by words.

" To be a Poet is to have a soul so quick to discern,

that no shade of quality escapes it, and so quick to feel, 

that discernment is but

 a hand playing with finely-ordered variety on the chords of emotion-

-a soul in which knowledge passes instantaneously into feeling,

and feeling flashes back as a new organ of knowledge.”  

-By George Eliot

About Poetry :

" Poetry according to Wordsworth, 

It's really very well said that-

Is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge,

the impassioned expression that is in,

the countenance of all Science "

     It means poetry finds to added and improvement just like Morning star which remove it's radiance through the darkness of life. As same, The Poet is a teacher and with  the help of poetry he taught us to moral lessons for the life. His poetry is not simple or common but it's teaches us deep moral meanings.

Wordsworth's Theory of Poetic Diction :

     There are many following poems which are considered just as experiments or Advertisement to the 1798 edition of Lyrical Ballads, that time Wordsworth and Coleridge state that...

"....the poem in the collection were intended

as adeliberate experiments in style

and subject matter."

So, with the help of "Preface" Wordsworth also strongly commitment with his state to writing in the ordinary language of people not for highly political one. In the form of Ballads , poems are highly related with realistic situations. 

• The language of poetry should be the language " really used by men ", but it should be a selection of such Poems.
• It should be a language of men in a state of vivid sensation. It should have certain imagination.
• For Wordsworth means is that the words in conversation, if they are properly selected, would provide the rough framework of language of poetry.

William Wordsworth's "Preface to The Lyrical Ballads " :

" A poetry of revolt against the moral ideas

is poetry of revolt against Life.

A poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is

a poetry of indifference towards Life.."

     A large number of poems written by Wordsworth, but theme , plot all those things are remains last long forever. In the second addition of The Lyrical Ballads (1802), he wrote preface to defend him self form the negative review. so here briefly we discussed review about Wordsworth's views on the theme and subject matter.

Object (Subject matter of Poetry) :

In Poems he choose proper incidents and situations from the common life and to relate and describe them throughout as far as possible. he used language which is used by man and he presents certain colouring of imagination.

Humble and rustic life :

He generally chosen humble and rustic life, because in that condition it finds better soil in which they can attain their maturity and people finds the permanent and beautiful forms of nature.

Language (Style of Poetry) :

With the help of language it provides emotions and real effect. A true man communicated by the form of language and convey their feelings and notions in simple and unelaborated expressions.

Wordsworth's Daffodils :

     Here the poem "Daffodils" - written by William Wordsworth. The word "wander" denotes moving without destination. Tn this "Preface to The Lyrical Ballad"-he says that poet is not need for external stimulus so that he could write a poem, here Wordworth didn't meet daffodils when he wrote the poem.A good poet doesn't need to write about daffodils.

     There are two contradictory cases that either poetry has a purpose or not. Thus with the help of "Daffodils" Wordsworth tells something about Lyrical Ballad. In this poem he focuses on the nature and beauty. A lyric poem presents the deep feelings and emotions so it's a beautiful example of Lyrical Ballads.

Conclusion :

     Wordsworth's spirit of Romanticism is, it is one type of document that where he puts stress. It would not to be wrong to say that Wordsworth himself contradicts because at the stage of contemplation a poet choose words very carefully.

  

 Thank you..!

Significance of Using Myth in The Novel Kanthapura. ( My Assignment )

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Roll No : 26
Sem : 1 ( 2013 -2015 )
Paper Name : Indian Writing in English
Subject : Significance of Using Myth in The Novel Kanthapura.
Submitted to : SMT. S.B. Gardi
                        Dept. of English
                        M.K.Bhavnagar University
                        pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com



 

About Raja Rao :

     Raja Rao was born in 8th November, 1908 and Died: 8th July, 2006. He was an Indian writer and his works are related with Hinduism. He writes many novels and stories. He was born in very beautiful town, Hassana. "Raja Rao is one of those enigmatic writers whose novels have been received with wholehearted. Rao is a powerful writer and All of Raja Rao's novels explore philosophical concepts. 

      
His Notable Works:

1. Kanthapura ( 1938 )
2. The Serpent and The Rope. ( 1960 )

     The Serpent and The Rope is semi-autobiographical novel and it is search for spiritual truth in Europe and India.

Kanthapura (Summary) :

     "Kanthapura" is the story of a village in South India. Name of the village is Kanthapura.Village is the main part of the story. The novel is narrated in the form of a "Sthalapurana" by an old woman of the village , Achakka. Kanthapura is a traditional caste in Indian village , which is away from all modern ways of living. In this village we see the clear discrimination between Brahmin, Sudra and Parihas. In this village all villagers are protected by a local Deity, named Kenchamma.

     The main character of the novel Moorthy , is a Brahmin who discoverd a half buried " Linga " in the village and than he dig it out and installed it in the village and after this Temple became a central point of the village. All festivals are celebrated in this Temple. Novel begins when Moorthy followed Gandhian Idea and spirit. He discarded foreign clothes. After his mother's death Moorthy starts living with Rangamma, who took part in India's struggle for freedom and Moorthy also participated and tries to save villagers. Moorthy continued his fighting against injustice. but,, after than Moorthy was arrested by Foreigner people.

     Thus.. at the end of the novel.., It is mentioned that people of the village were settled in Kashipur and Kanthapura occupied by people from Bombay.

Myth :

Myth is always comes from past. It is one type of story that may or may not be true. So may be Myth have started as a "Truth" but as people re-told them, than they may have changed some parts, so they are less "True". All culture and people have developed their own Mythology. Myth always related with Ideal, Truth, and Real World. Myth is the ideal world where people blindly believe and follow.

Myth always tells individual story, early history of people, social background, supernatural beings or events.

Using Myth in Kanthapura :

     Myth is one type of particular device that introduce cultural background and historical movement. Kanthapura - Novel is the Recreation of myth. In Kanthapura, Raja Rao is using effective mythical techniques. In this novel represent the movement of freedom in India, " Harikathas ", Brahman, Sudra, Parihas, and Life of Villagers, they believe in deity, and all those things are talks about Religion matter, spirituality, Caste prejudices, and Mythical techniques. At first narrator introduce the village where we can see the symbol of religion or Myth.

" Our Village,- I don't think you have ever heard about it-

Kanthapura is its name and it is in the province of Kara.

I shall be honest, there is no need to be

otherwise i don't know,

If you've heard of a Bilva-Tree- It has three leaves

and a crust of thick horns.. "

     Kanthapura shares certain narrative techniques with Puranas. The story is told rapidly, all in one breath, by a village grandmother and the style reflects the oral heritage also represent the Harikatha... Its the story of Myth where Gandhi's struggle for Independence from the Britisher, who came to a typical village. Rao himself states that it is impossible to separate reality from orthodox Advaita Vedanta. It sketches the step by step social development of a South Indian Village Kanthapura. The Goddess- villagers have great faith, named Kenchamma. It shows that sometimes people blindly followed and believe in the Myth. In the Village we see the one temple and this temple is most important for villagers. In this temple- "Harikathas" narrated by Jayaramachar and many Kathas based on Gandhian Ideas. So we can see that, The theme of Kanthapura is the continuity of Indian traditions in the novel. In kanthapura - it shows strains of myth, Gods and Goddess.

     In this novel , it is a beautiful small village of people who still belongs to the old world of superstition. Here the structure of the village where people follow religion and myth. Raja Rao use Indian sensibility, tradition myth, mysticism, religion, techniques in the novel. Raja Rao uses mythical character, situation etc. Raja Rao writes that...

"There is no village in India, however mean,

that has not a rich " Sthalapurana" , or

legendary history of its own.

Some God or God like hero has passed by the village-

Rama might have doing things..."

All those things are represent the theme of Myth in Kanthapura. When " Harikathas" told by Jayaramachar. He compares Gandhi to Lord Shiva when he says Siva is the three - eyed, Swaraj is three eye. Mohan being one of the names of Krishna as Gandhi's full name , Mohandas Karamchand , gives Jayaramachar- the idea of achievement. Just as the God as a young boy slays the serpent Kali. Same we compares that Gabdhi goes from village to village slaying the serpent of foreign rule.
Again just as Krishna teaches Arjuna the wisdom of how to be a true man of action. Same Gandhi teaches Moorthy how to be a true Satyagrahi. All things shows that Raja Rao is beautifully represents Myth in this novel.

Conclusion :

     Thus.. Myth-is properly used by Raja Rao in this novel. Similar people, Village as a object, Concepts of Myth, patterned etc.. all those things are using in appropriate way. Very beautifully Jayaramachar describes myth and the glory of Bharata.. Whole things creates uniqueness in this novel and with the help of myth people easily understand the real meaning of "Swaraj", "Independence", and "Concept of change" and all."Kanthapura"- this novel is the recreation of Myth.

    In This novel Raja Rao represents Indian experiance through the foreign medium of the English language. He uses different style, instruments, and diction that achieve a balance between the emotional quality of the Indian experience and its expression in intellectual terms.

"Myths can't be translated as,

they did in their ancient soil.

We can only find our

own meaning in our time. "

Thank you..!